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Unit 21
Film editing
Shot:
a shot is a series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time. Film shots are an essential aspect of a movie where angles, transitions and cuts are used to further express emotion, ideas and movement.
A type of motion-picture camera in which single frames are photographed either automatically at a predetermined rate (as slow as one frame per minute or hour), or whenever the operator presses a key.
https://www.photonics.com/EDU/sequence_camera/d6958#:~:text=A%20type%20of%20motion%2Dpicture,the%20operator%20presses%20a%20key.
Sequence:
Editing:
In-camera editing is a technique where, instead of editing the shots in a film into sequence after shooting, the director or cinematographer instead shoots the sequences in strict order. The resulting "edit" is therefore already complete when the film is developed.
Role of an editor:
Editors plan, coordinate, revise, correct, and format written content for publication—all while working closely with writers to refine their work.
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with editors its like an invisible art that edit the shows its so smooth that it basically goes un noticed
Continuity editing:
Continuity editing is the process, in film and video creation, of combining more-or-less related shots, or different components cut from a single shot, into a sequence to direct the viewer's attention to a pre-existing consistency of story across both time and physical location.
Non-Continuity editing:
Non-continuity editing is when shots are mismatched to disrupt the impression of time and space. This draws the audiences' attention to the process of cutting and disturbs the illusion of 'reality'. An example is the use of flash backs.
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Montarge editing:
Film editing is both a creative and a technical part of the post-production process of filmmaking. The term is derived from the traditional process of working with film which increasingly involves the use of digital technology.
Louie Le Prince
Louie Le Prince is famous for his invention of early motion-picture camera.
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Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince was a French artist and the inventor of an early motion-picture camera, possibly the first person to shoot a moving picture sequence using a single lens camera and a strip of film.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince
He was born in 28th August 1841, Metz, France and died in 1890
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Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures
born in11th February 1847 Milan, Ohio, United States
Died in18th October 1931
Lumiere brothers
The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière and Louis Jean Lumière, were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their Cinématographe motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers
Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière was born in 19th October 1862 and Louis Francis Patrick Jean Lumière was born in 5th October 1864 and Auguste died 10th April 1954 aged 91
Louis died 6th June 1948 aged 83
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re
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Edwin S Porter
Edwin Stanton Porter was an American film pioneer, most famous as a producer, director, studio manager and cinematographer with the Edison Manufacturing Company and the Famous Players Film Company.
Born - 21th April 1870 and Died - 30th April 1941
D.W Griffith
David Wark Griffith was an American film director. Considered one of the most influential figures in the history of the motion picture, he pioneered many aspects of film editing and expanded the art of the narrative film. Griffith is known to modern audiences primarily for directing the film The Birth of a Nation.
Born - 22th January 1875 Died - 23th July 1948
Lev Kuleshov
Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School. He was given the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1969
Born - 13th January 1899 and Died - 29th March 1970
Rouben mamoulian
Rouben Zachary Mamoulian was an American film and theatre director
Born - 8th October 1897 and Died - 4th December 1987
George meiles
Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès was a French illusionist, actor, and film director. He led many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema.
Born - 8th December 1861 in Paris, France and died in Died - 21st January 1938
Alfred Hitchcock
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English filmmaker widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today
Born in13th August 1899 Leytonstone, London and died - 29 April 1980, Bel Air, Los Angeles California United States
Steven Spielberg
Steven Allan Spielberg KBE is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. A major figure of the New Hollywood era and pioneer of the modern blockbuster, he is the most commercially successful director of all time
Born: 18 December 1946 age 75 years Cincinnati Ohio United State
Straight cut
The straight cut — also known as the hard cut, standard cut, or A to B cut — is one of the most basic transitions to get to the next shot in the same scene. It's simply a transition from one shot to another, with no effects
Transitions
Fade: A fade in is an opening shot or transition technique film editors use to ease viewers into new imagery, rather than using a sudden cut from scene to scene. its when the scene gradually turns to a single color usually black or white or when a scene gradually appears on screen. Fade-ins occur at the beginning of a film or scene, while fade-outs are at the end.
Dissolving:
A dissolve is a classic editing technique used to transition between shots, typically shots that bridge two scenes together. As opposed to a straight cut from one shot to another, a dissolve involves the gradual transition from the first image to the next
Washes: when the screen fades to white to create dramatic effect
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Wipe: A wipe transition is a transition technique used in post-production editing in which one shot replaces another by moving or “wiping” from one side of the frame to another. The wipe transition can be done from any direction and in various shapes
Cross cutting/parallel editing
In film editing, crosscutting describes the video editing technique of switching back and forth between scenes, often giving the impression that the action occurring in different locations is unfolding at the same moment. Also known as parallel editing, this technique dates back to director Edwin S.
Quick cuts
Fast cutting is a film editing technique which refers to several consecutive shots of a brief duration (e.g. 3 seconds or less). It can be used to quickly convey much information, or to imply either energy or chaos.
Long takes
a long take is a shot with a duration much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general. Significant camera movement and elaborate blocking are often elements in long takes, but not necessarily so.
elliptical editing
Elliptical editing makes it that an event's duration on-screen is shorter than its duration in the story and in character development. Many directors utilize elliptical editing simply to compress the length of a film, and to develop the story in as little time as possible.
Cutaway
a cutaway is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually followed by a cut back to the first shot
Cut-ins
cut-ins are when we cut from a shot into a closer element of that same shot. For example: say we have a wide shot of a character holding a book. If we want to emphasize what the character is reading, we may cut-in to a shot of the book's cover
L-cut
An L-cut is when the audio from the preceding scene continues to play over the footage from the following scene. A J-cut is just the reverse of an L-cut. The audio from the following scene plays over video from the preceding footage.
J-CUT
A J-cut is a variant of a split edit film editing technique in which the audio from a following scene overlaps the picture from the preceding scene, so that the audio portion of the later scene starts playing before its picture as a lead-in to the visual cut. Also called an audio lead or audio advance.
Eyeline match
An eyeline match is a film editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. It is based on the premise that an audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing.
Match on action
matching on action refers to film editing and video editing techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action. A common example is a man walking up to a door and reaching for the knob.
Shot/Reverse shot
A shot-reverse shot starts with a shot of a character, and then cuts to a shot of what or who that character is looking at (the reverse of the angle from the first shot), and finally cuts back to the initial shot to show the character's reaction.
Reaction shot
Reaction Shots show a character's reaction to someone or something that occurred in a previous shot. Typically, a character is reacting to a line of dialogue, a physical action that another character made, or to an obstacle in the scene that they have encountered.
Establishing shot
An establishing shot introduces new scenes and tells the viewer where and when the action is happening. Establishing shots can also set up a point of view or help develop a character.
30 degree rule
The 30-DEGREE RULE states that if an editor cuts to the same character or object in another shot, the second shot must be positioned at least 30 degrees away from the first camera setup. If the camera moves less than 30 degrees, the cut between shots can look confusing
180 degree rule
the 180-degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene.
Jump Cut
A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which a single continuous sequential shot of a subject is broken into two parts, with a piece of footage being removed in order to render the effect of jumping forward in time
Graphic match
Graphic match cuts Also called a visual match cut. A graphic match cut links two different scenes together through the use of aesthetically similar elements like shapes, colors, or patterns.
Freeze frame
a freeze frame is when a single frame of content shows repeatedly on the screen "freezing" the action. This can be done in the content itself, by printing (on film) or recording (on video) multiple copies of the same source frame. This produces a static shot that resembles a still photograph.
Slow motion
Slow motion is an effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down. It
Split screen
In film and video production, split screen is the visible division of the screen, traditionally in half, but also in several simultaneous images, rupturing the illusion that the screen's frame is a seamless view of reality, similar to that of the human eye
Flash back/Flash forward
Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story's primary sequence of events to fill in crucial backstory. In the opposite direction, a flashforward (or prolepsis) reveals events that will occur in the future.
Enigma codes
Unknown elements that need solving (Barthes)
Linear
Linear: chronological order of events (Todorov)
Non-Linear
Non-Liner: Order of events jump around in terms of flashbacks
Multi-Strand Narrative
Multi-Strand Narratives: Narrative contains different arcs
Serial Narrative
serial narrative: A story arc that runs across all episodes
Flexi-Narrative
Flexi-Narrative Mixture of series and serial, closure of one story arc within an episode [series] but with other, ongoing story arcs (serial)
Episodic Drama
Episodic Drama: involves different characters and locations, covers a lengthy period of time and include sub plots in addition to main story
Unrestricted Narrative
Unrestricted Narrative: The viewer is privy to certain knowledge or info that is denied to characters within the text (Narrative Voyurism)
Restricted Narrative
The amount of info the audience are given is limited as the viewers only to know as much as the characters (diegetic)
Task 5
Manipulating the sense of time: to feel like time is being changed or manipulated people will often use freeze frames and elliptical editing , by using a freeze frame they are somewhat stopping time or just making it really slow so that action that is frozen has more of an impact.
Elliptical editing can be used aswell for example say in a movie scene someone is running through a portal and then just ends up in another area
Controlling the perception of space to create a logical and believable space between characters: To create the illusion that you are controlling the perception of space you can use things like freeze frame that quiet literally freeze/slow down drastically the frame o that its there for an extended period of time (longer than usual)
Controlling the rhythm and pace to control the production: to control the rhythm and pace of the production you could use quick cuts and long takes.
With quick cuts its quick succession of simultaneous cuts that just keep going and going creating the situation to be fast pased and intense while long takes has no cuts what so ever its just one long shot of a scene which give the audience a bit of rest from the quick cuts and editing
Create a narrative through motivation:
you would most likely use an unrestricted narrative because motivated editing is like when we see someone standing all alone in a spooky setting and then they suddenly hear a startling noise and usually the audience knows that will end up happening in horror films.
Creating a sense of drama through withholding of information:
you would use a restrictive narrative because the audience would a bit of info because the amount given to them would be limited.
embracing continuity between different shots/angles:
it could be an episodic drama because it's not interrupted and all the episodes link.
Engaging the viewer through suspense and causing audience reaction: You can use silence which creates tension and suspense if used correctly
Form meaning by juxtaposing elements within editing and creating a sense of personal connection and empathy with a character: Flash backs can be used to fulfil this sense because as we know more about someone and their origin our relationship/feeling for that character start to grow
LA:A
Trailer
The Trailer starts and shows a straight cut at (0:05) to show where the noise is coming from and also shows the eye line match because the man was looking where the noise was and the next scene shown was where he was looking which is where it was coming from. It fades to black at (0:07) (0:09) and (0:12) and then when it opens back up it shows a completely different scene each time so its like the fade to black shows a passing of time or time has sped up.
There is a use of aperture of F-1.8 at (0:33)
at (0:34) it shows a reaction shot and a close up of the boys face to give his reaction in better quality so you can see the fear and confusion on his face in 4K. At (0:26) it shows a shot/reverse shot while not breaking the 180 degree rule. at (0:52) it presents a match on action to show what she is reacting to.
The scene then shows her reaction using a reaction shot as she sees the monster and runs into the room we then see he screen performing sharp cuts while cutting to black repeatedly along with this audio creates this jittery feeling and uneasy as it makes your heart pump faster and you start to have shortness of breathe is what the editing technique effects the reader with the quick cuts to black
Music Video
At 1:22 we are presented with a eyeline match as, reaction shot and a shot/reverse shot and the girl looks at her mother and the camera cuts to what shes looking at and then we see her mother smash the window and then the following shot is of the girl ducking in fear of what she did
The music video opens up with a camera shake and it blurs the image and then quickly cuts to the next scene to where they use cut-ins of the white man as they zoom in to his facial expression which is blank and they also add effect like the straight emoji to emphasize that his face is straight. following this scene we are given a freeze frame of the person which pro-longs the time we see him for making us think time is frozen and with the image on the screen it allows us to deeper absorb what's going on because all the throughout the video is fast paced cuts.
Later in the video it then proceeds to do a wipe as they move to the next shot it like a smooth transition to make everything look natural. They successfully make the impression that time is moving forward faster by using a Jump-cut to change locations and change clothes which means an incredible amount of time has passed in only a second and they use a spiral / warp effect to show that its passing.
At (0:41) they use a cut-in so its like when he appeared from the bottom in the shot and then the background that was with him came after a few seconds on him being there the use of the low/high angles make them look intimidating as they are dressed to be ''road'' people and look violent.
They look like they are meant to be scary and by using a low angle which makes them look bigger and much more intimidating.
TV Promo
The Tv Promo starts with 2 washes/light flashes each flash making it seem like the subjects are moving faster, until the flash leaves completely, on the second flash we see a short freeze frame, they added an two shot to show that there are only 2 people there and the freeze frame is to prolong the time.
The Freeze frame was used on the 2 people at he start of the Tv promo this creates the impression that those people are going to be important as they have just been introduced and they are already getting more screen time than the rest of the people
In the next scene they present us with 3 fades to black and each time it comes back to light they are set in a different location so its that during the fade to black period time has sped up by a great deal and now they are in a different scene. the Dip to black indicates a change in scenery, this decision could mean that the TV promo was shot in multiple location of the same place or just different locations in general.
Here they us eyeline match I chose this image/photo because the man is looking her direction but is not sure what he is looking at so as the audience we know something that he does not, The desired effect was that the person in the wardrobe was unsure if they was being seen or not, The audience should react as if the person can see the woman in the wardrobe. along with that the aperture is F-3.2, doing this makes certain things in focus and then as it continues we are hit with a reaction shot and then a wash. In this same picture there was also a match on action shown and I know this because when the lady went to hide she was already looking out through the crack and was in shock and fearful, therefore the audience are positioned to think that she must have been seen and as we see in the following clip we see a man staring through the crack trying to see if he did see anyone that is what she was looking at.
LA:B
Non-Continuity
For my non-continuity sequence i used alot of POV, I used this because it makes the user feel as if it is themselves and gives them a real life experience or reaction.
I made sure to add the phone brand into the beginning with the clips so that if people are interested in the phone case they could go out and buy it.
I also added a flash back well not so much a flashback but more as an example to show how sturdy the phone is for when it drops when they are advertising the phone.
what I would have done or added is a reaction shot of the the subjects phone dropping out their hand and that would have shown the audience how surprised they were that it fell
I added close-ups of the phone for when it dropped to show that there was no marks and then after that it followed with dialogue of how the phone was still in good condition even after it dropping on a floor, still not a scratch was on it.
I did this so it would intrigue the audience as to how the phone was still inside good condition
When the phone dropped I added a dissolve to show that time had been fast forwarded and that someone else has come along to see the phone on the floor, Another thing that was implemented in the making of this advert for the phone case was a long take, I made this decision because I believe that when you are making an advert for an audience it should be a talk with the audience without having them say any question to you, you should have their full attention and to achieve that I felt like a long take was needed because if I added any transitions during this it could possibly break the contact between the audience and the person doing the advert.
My end goal is to answer all the audiences questions inside the advert. I made shot lists and story boards to help me with my ideas and shots and to give me a visualisation of what shots I want and how I want this whole advert to plan out.
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Continuity
For my continuity sequence I used a shot reverse shot near to the end of my video so that we have a visual of the hands on the keyboard, the eyes looking down at the keyboard and then looking up to computer screen and we see the keys she inputted on the keyboard on the screen. I also used cross cutting to get the actions right. the effect I wanted this to have was so that the audience could see what was going on as she was typing.
I also got a match on action when she went to open to the door I also used a close-up so you could see it clearly.
I then present the audience with a wide angle as the subject goes to sit down so that everything can be seen and captured.
What I could have done better would have been to add in cut-aways and cut-ins as-well as the 180 degree rule/30 degree rule. And lastly at the end instead of letting just cut instantly to blackness I used a fade to black so it looks more natural and a-lot better.
At the start of this continuity sequence I used tracking to follow her movements as she approaches the door. With my wide angle for when the subjects sits down on the chair she pulls the pillow out which shows the audience that she needs the pillow to feel comfortable. While making this I had to de-link the audio of the subject typing, shorten it and make sure it was in line with how she was pressing the keys on the keyboard as-well as how hard she clicked the mouse all the way down to the timing of when she clicked it, the resulting effect of this is that it looks like i did all of this all in one take, which is what I want the audience to think when they watch this continuity sequence.
While making this continuity sequence I made a shot list and story board so it can help me to understand what i need to do and further develop my idea and if I need to make and changes or edit anything I can always go back to the shot list and edit them
Horror Trailar LAC
Evaluation :
